The influence of gaslight or electric light on the growth of paraheliotropic trees

Sexual conflict may lead to sexually antagonistic co-evolution, in which one sex (usually males) evolves a “manipulative” trait which is countered by a “resistance” trait in the other sex. For example, male bean weevils (Callosobruchus maculatus) have spiny genitalia that are thought to allow them to copulate for a longer time without getting dislodged and hence transfer more sperm. However, this damages the female and reduces her fitness, so females have evolved the counteradaptation of kicking at males during mating, which reduces the time spent in copulation ^[1].